nutritionish: reported speech

KATA PENGANTAR

Alhamdulillah puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT karena rahmat dan karunia-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah “ Reported Speech” dengan tepat waktu. Tanpa ridha dan kasih sayang serta petunjuk dari-Nya mustahil makalah ini dapat dirampungkan. Makalah ini disusun sebagai penunjang bagi kita untuk lebih mengetahui tata cara menggunakan reported speech. Besar harapan penulis makalah ini dapat digunakan sebaik-baiknya, makalah ini juga akan mempermudah kita mengetahui segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan reported speech. Akhirnya, sesuai kata pepatah “Tiada Gading Yang Tak Retak” penulis mengaharapkan saran dan kritik, khususnya dari dosen serta rekan mahasiswa. Karena kebenaran dan kesempurnaan hanya milik Allah SWT. Kami juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada teman-teman dan dosen yang telah bersedia untuk memanfaatkan Makalah ini.

Banda Aceh, Oktober 2015

Penulis

DAFTAR ISI

Kata pengantar………………………………………….. ii

Daftar isi……………………………………………….... iii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

A. Latar belakang…………………………………. 3

B. Rumusan masalah……………………………… 3

C. Tujuan………………………………………….. 3

BAB II PEMBAHASAN

A. Definisi reported speech………………………….. 4

1.1. Direct………………………………………... 4

1.2. Indirect……………………………………… 4

B. Perubahasn dari direct ke indirect………………... 10

2.1. To be and auxiliary verb……………………... 10

2.2. Time and place……………………………….. 10

C. Tenses…………………………………………….. 11

BAB II PENUTUP

A. Kesimpulan………………………………………… 12

B. Saran……………………………………………….. 12

Daftar pustaka

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

A. Latar Belakang

Bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa Internasional. Dengan menguasai bahasa Inggris dengan baik, maka kita akan dapat berkomunikasi dengan bangsa-bangsa lain di dunia ini. Di samping itu, kita pun akan dapat menambah wawasan dan ilmu pengetahuan kita demi kemajuan bangsa dan negara kita, karena kita akan dapat membaca literatur-literatur bahasa Inggris, mendengarkan siaran-siaran radio luar negeri, serta menontong film-film ilmu pengetahuan yang lainnya. Dengan demikian, pada akhirnya kita dapat menguasai pengetahuan-pengetahuan di segala bidang.

Setiap bahasa tentunya mempunyai kaidah-kaidah atau sering kita sebut dengan istilah tata bahasanya masing-masing, begitupun dengan bahasa Inggris, banyak sekali kaidah-kaidah yang harus diperhatikan dalam penggunaannya, terutama dalam bidang writingnya..

B. Rumusan msalah

Apa yang dimaksud dengan direct speech dan indirect speech?

Bagaimana penggunaan reported speech?

C. Tujuan

Penulis bertujuan untuk menjelaskan atau memaparkan point-point reported speech.

BAB II

PEMBAHASAN

A. Definisi Reported Speech

1.1. Direct

Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah kata-kata kalimat yang diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara.

1.2. Indirect

Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) ialah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-katansi pembicara kepada orang lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.

Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu :

1. STATEMENT

Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :

He said

He said to me that + reported words

He told me

Example:

· Mary told her friends “I have been to Bali twice.”

Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.

· Father said “I am going out of town tomorrow”

Father said that he was going out of town the following day.

· Mary told John “my father warned me last night”

Mary told John that her father had arned her the night before.

· My sister said to me “I don’t like tennis”

My sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis.

· Tom said “I didn’t go to school this morning”

Tom said that he hadn’t gone to school that morning.

Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan tidak mengalami perubahan.

Example:

· John says “I will go to Bandung tomorrow”

John says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow

· Mary says “I have seen that film”

Mary says that she has seen that film. My brother says “I met Tom at the party last night”

· My brother says that he met Tom at the party last night.

Tom says “I don’t like English”

Tom says that he don’t like English.

2. COMMAND

Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :

1. Positive Command

Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :

to + infinitive

He asked me

He told me

Example:

· He asked me “Open your book”

He asked me to open my book.

· Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane”

Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.

· Mother asked John “Pay attention to what I say”

Mother asked John to pay attention to what she says.

· John told Mary “Wait until I come”

John told Mary to wait until he comes.

· The teacher said to the students “Be quiet while I am talking”

The teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking.

2. Negative Command

Dalam perintah negatif kita tambahkan not to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.

Example:

· Mary told John “Don’t wait for me”

Mary told John not to wait for her.

· I told him “Don’t mention it to anyone”

I told him not to mention it to anyone.

· Father asked her “Don’t go there alone”

Father asked her not to go there alone.

· Ira asked Tom “Don’t come to my house again”

Ira asked tom not to come to her house again.

· Mothers asked John “Don’t smoke too much”

Mother asked John not to smoke too much

3. QUESTION

Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where, When, Why, What, Who, How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah:

Positive Form

He asked me where

When etc.

Example:

· The man asked me : “Where do you live ?”

The man asked me where I lived.

· John asked Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?”

John asked Mary why she got angry with him.

· I asked him : “When did you get back from your trip ?”

I asked him when he had got back from his trip.

· He asked me : “How will you go there ?”

He asked me how I would go there.

· John asked the girl : “What is your name ?”

John asked the girl what her name was.

Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes & No Question”, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if, whether (jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.

Example:

· The boy asked John : “Does Mary live near here?”

The boy asked John if Mary lived near there.

· The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”

The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.

· Mary asked me : “Did you she John at the party the night before.

Mary asked me whether I had seen John at the party the night before.

· We asked them : “Will you go to the movie with us tonight ?”

We asked them whether they would go to the movie with us that night.

· Mother asked John : “Are you going to marry her ?”

Mother asked John if he was going to marry her.

Note : Baik if maupun whether dapat digunakan bergantian

4. REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE (Jenis Gabungan)

Bila pertanyaan dan pernyataan digabung dalam Reported Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as (karena) sebagai penghubung pada bagian kalimat pernyataan yang dilaporkan. Dalam hal ini kalimat pernyataan tersebut dilaporkan kemudian. Perhatikanlah contoh-contoh berikut ini :

Example:

· She asked me :”What is the time ?”, my watch has stopped.

She asked me what the time was as her watch had stopped.

· Ira asked John :”what is the matter with you ?”, You don’t look well.

Mary asked John what the matter was with him as he didn’t look well.

· I asked her :”How long have you been studying English ?”, Your accent is very good.

I asked her how long she had been studying English as he her accent was very good

· He told me :”I am off to the movie,” Where are you going ?”

He told me that he was off to the movie and asked me where I was going.

· She said :”It is cold inside,” Is the window open ?

She said that it was cold inside and asked if the window was open.

Bila dalam pertanyaan langsung disertai dengan jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita menggunakan kata but sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban No dan kata and sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban Yes.

Example:

· He asked me :”Will you go out wiith me ?” No, I won’t.

He asked me if I would go out with him but I said I wouldn’t.

· Mother asked John :”Have you had lunch ?” No, I haven’t.

Mother asked John if he had had lunch but he said he hadn’t.

· She asked me :”Can you meet me tomorrow ?” No.

She asked me if I could meet her the following day but I said I couldn’t.

· I asked her :”Do you like vegetables ?” Yes, I do.

Is asked her if she liked veggetables and she said she did.

· Mary asked John :”Did you phone me last night ?” Yes, I did.

Mary asked John if he had phoned her the night before and he said he had.

· Father asked me :”Are you going to the movie tonight ?” Yes.

Father asked me if I was going to the movie that night and I said I was.

B. Perubahan-Perubahan yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect Speech

2.1. To be & Auxiliary Verbs

Direct Indirect

Am/is/are was/were

Shall/will should/would

Can could

May might

Must had to

Have/has to had to

2.2. Time & Place (keterangan waktu & tempat)

Direct Indirect

· now then

· tomorrow the following day

· next week the following week

· tonight that night

· today that day

· yesterday the day before

· last night the night before

· last week the week before

· here there

· this that

· these those

3. Tenses

Direct Speech		Indirect Speech
Present Simple She said, "It's cold."	›	Past Simple She said it was cold.
Present Continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past Continuous She said she was teaching English online.
Present Perfect Simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past Perfect Simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present Perfect Continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past Perfect Continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past Simple She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past Perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past Continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past Perfect Continuous She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past Perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past Perfect NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past Perfect Continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past Perfect Continuous NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	V1 (eat)	V2 (ate)
02	V2 (ate)	Had + V3 (had eaten)
03	Am/is/are	Was/were
04	Do/does	Did
05	Do/does not	Did not
06	Did not	Had not + V3
07	Was/were	Had been
08	Am/is/are + V-ing	Was/were + V-ing
09	Was/were +V-ing	Had been + V-ing
10	Has/have + V3	Had + V3
11	Will/shall/can/may/must	Would/should/could/might/had to
12	Could/might/should/would + V1/be	Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been